It was the first time that country had been unified since the 9th century CE, not that this was much consolation to the countless dead, robbed and displaced across China. Unlike other rulers of China, the Mongols were never totally Sinicized, which proved to be an important factor in their downfall. Yuan Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty was the empire established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan, after he conquered Southern Song dynasties in China. Revolts in the mid-14th century led to the final overthrow of the Yuan in 1368, making it the shortest-lived major dynasty of China. Mongol Empire Under Kublai Khanby Arienne King (CC BY-NC-SA). HSK. Islam also spread further to the east as merchants crisscrossed Asia. While there was peace in the western part of the Mongol Empire, Kublai launched two unsuccessful invasions of Japan and several others elsewhere in South East Asia. The Mongols were helped by many Song generals defecting or surrendering their armies, and the fact the imperial court was beset by infighting between the child emperor’s advisors. Kublai Khan was particularly interested in re-establishing the Chinese tribute system which had been neglected during the latter part of the Song’s reign. Ancient History Encyclopedia. he Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Zhu would take the reign name of Hongwu Emperor (meaning ‘abundantly marital’) and the dynasty he founded Ming (meaning ‘bright’ or ‘light’). Kublai ensured that Mongols always gained an advantage in China by officially classing them as superior in rank to Chinese. The overland trade to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Persia was primarily dominated by Muslim merchants. The Mongols had already made several major attacks on Song territory, notably during the reigns of Genghis Khan (r. 1206-1227 CE) in 1212-1215 CE and of Mongke Khan (r. 1251-1259 CE) in 1257-1260 CE. 'Great is Qián, the Primal') in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes section regarding the first hexagram Qián (乾). Mongol suzerainty eventually also stretched throughout most of Asia and eastern Europe, though the Yuan emperors were rarely able to exercise much control over their more distant possessions. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 29 Oct 2019. In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Wade–Giles: Ta-Yüan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. Foreign trade flourished under the Yuan dynasty. Merchants were encouraged to use paper money, currency exchanges were better regulated, and more roads, canals (including the Grand Canal connecting southern and northern China), and use of ocean-going ships aided the transport of goods. Rather than being a solely racially-motivated policy, though, Kublai and his successors were most concerned with controlling their subjects, making it easier to identify who was who and ensuring there were no rebellions; Chinese were forbidden to carry weapons and congregate in public, for example. The four official Yuan ranks, based on perceived loyalty to the Yuan rulers, were: Being a member of one of the above four classes had repercussions for an individual's tax status, their treatment by the judicial system and their eligibility for positions in the state administration (there was a 25% capped quota for southern Chinese, for example). Kublai abolished the civil service examinations which would have favoured Chinese officials with their Confucian education (they were reinstated in 1313 CE but Mongols still received advantages). On his return home, Marco wrote of his experiences in his book The Travels of Marco Polo, first circulated c. 1298 CE. The counterpart in the Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. Click card to see definition Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368) -change to bureaucracy to the "best of best" get the job; tried to keep Chinese from having any political power The administrative centrality of the Yuan was continued by the succeeding Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911/12) dynasties, giving those later Chinese governments a more authoritarian structure than that of previous Chinese dynasties. 1. Cite This Work Omissions? For this reason, it would take eleven long years for Kublai to pick off his targets one by one and finally batter the Song into submission. "Yuan Dynasty." the imperial dynasty of China (1279-1368) established by Kubilai Khan; During this dynasty, the Silk Road became safer for travelers because it was monitered by patrols. It was superseded by the Ming dynasty. Yuan dynasty - the imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368. Ink Painting of Groom & Horseby Metropolitan Museum of Art (Copyright). Mark is a history writer based in Italy. The traditional six Chinese ministries, in place since the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), continued as before, but there were Mongol institutions, too, like the Shumi Yuan or Ministry of War. Chinese textiles, chinaware, lacquerware, and other items were exported. Beginning with Kublai, Mongol rulers made some superficial attempts to appeal to the… Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. These 10 top facts draw out the highlights. The Yuan Dynasty was preceded by the Song Dynasty from 960 to 1279 and followed by the Ming which lasted from 1368 to 1644. Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. By the mid-14th century CE, the Yuan rulers had been beset by a devastating combination of unusually cold winters, famines, plagues, and flooding of the Yellow River which all combined to bring hyper-inflation when the government tried to solve the problems of a damaged infrastructure by printing too much paper money. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Yuan Dynasty Bank Note & Plateby PHGCOM (CC BY-SA). The Yuan Dynasty. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Mongol suzerainty eventually also stretched throughout most of Asia and eastern Europe , though the Yuan emperors were rarely able to exercise much control over their more distant possessions. Yuan definition is - the basic monetary unit of the People's Republic of China. Kublai's empire was the first to use paper money as the main currency. Map of Yuan Dynasty Chinaby Arab Hafez (Public Domain). Noun. Most importantly of all, they failed to quash numerous rebellions, including that perpetrated by a group known as the Red Turban Movement, an offshoot of the Buddhist White Lotus Movement, led by a peasant called Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398 CE). Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: yuan (Noun) The basic unit of money in China. It seemed that conducting naval warfare overseas and the unfamiliar climate of Southeast Asia were insurmountable obstacles to Yuan expansion. In addition, many southern Chinese, especially the intellectual class, clung on to their traditions, some even refusing to acknowledge the very existence of their Mongol masters and retiring to pursue the arts. Nevertheless, the achievements in literature and art of this dynasty were no less than the previous dynasties. Yuan dynasty: 1 n the imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368 Synonyms: Mongol dynasty , Yuan Type of: dynasty a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family Such experiments first appeared among rising states in northern…, Genghis Khan rose to supremacy over the Mongol tribes in the steppe in 1206, and within a few years he attempted to conquer northern China. by Metropolitan Museum of Art (Copyright). Japan was twice invaded (1274 and 1281 CE), but each time staunch resistance and fortuitous storms, the kamikaze or ‘divine winds’, forced a retreat. Due to the open policy implemented by the Yuan rulers, a great many advanced science and technology innovations were introduced to China. The real power, though, remained in Mongol hands as key administrative positions in the newly created 12 semi-autonomous provinces that China and northern Korea (annexed in 1270 CE) was now divided into largely went to Mongols, especially to members of the very large Mongol imperial bodyguard. 4. "Yuan Dynasty." ... Dadu, capital of China during the Yuan Dynasty (1280-1368), modern day Beijing . Etymology: From 元. The Mongol regional official known as the jarquchi was appointed to Chinese territories, and these and representatives of the various Mongol clans made up a local government for each province. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. In the previous ages of the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties, art had been encouraged by the state. (yo͞o-än′, yü-) A Chinese dynasty (1279-1368) established by the Mongolian ruler Kublai Khan with its capital at present-day Beijing. Yuan definition: The yuan is the unit of money that is used in the People's Republic of China. The Mongols' own preference for shamanism showed no signs of change, although Kublai himself converted to Tibetan (Lamaist) Buddhism. Of special merit was the first appearance of blue-and-white ware—consisting of white porcelain with blue underglaze—which was to become so popular in later periods and among Western collectors. There followed widespread banditry and uprisings by an overtaxed peasantry. 25 Dec 2020. The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Against that radical new direction of the native Chinese in pictorial art, there was a conservative revival of Buddhist art (painting and sculpture), which was sponsored by the Mongols as part of their effort to establish authority over the Chinese. Another significance of the Yuan Dynasty was the outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and technology. See more. Poetry emphasized sanqu (“nondramatic songs”), and vernacular fiction grew in popularity. Etymology: From 元. Yuan (ProperNoun) The imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368. Yuan Dynasty. Their first emperor was Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1279 CE) who finally defeated the Song Dynasty which had reigned in China since 960 CE. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. There then followed a long line of short-reigning rulers who struggled to balance the competing pro-Chinese and pro-Mongol traditionalists that divided the government at all levels. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Distrustful of the Chinese, they enlisted the services of many nationalities and employed non-Chinese aliens. At least traditional religions were permitted to continue as long as they did not threaten the state, although Buddhism was generally favoured over the traditional Chinese Confucianism. Zhu’s successes continued, and he defeated his two main rival rebel leaders and their armies, first Chen Youliang at the battle of Poyang Lake (1363 CE) and then Zhang Shicheng in 1367 CE. The new literary genre attracted many men of letters, as well as large audiences. There was a time when it was, in fact, completely controlled by the Mongols. Zhu replaced the Red Turban’s traditional policy aim of reinstating the old Song Dynasty with his own personal ambitions to rule and gained wider support by ditching the anti-Confucian policies which had alienated the Chinese educated classes. dynasty - a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family. In 1268 CE Kublai Khan focussed on finally knocking out the Song Dynasty and establishing himself, as all nomadic leaders before him had dreamed of, as the emperor of China. In Mongolian, Dai Ön (Middle Mongoltransliteration of Chinese "Dà Yuán") was … The Yuan Dynasty was amazing for its size, humble beginnings, paper money, largest armadas, technology, monumental over-spending, and huge natural disasters. For the next six decades the Mongols continued to extend their control over the north and then turned their attention to southern China, which they completed conquering with the defeat of the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty in 1279. Groups of loyalists fought on for three more years, installing two more young emperors in the process (Duanzong and Dibing), but the Mongols swept all before them. The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元 朝, p Yuán Cháo; Mongolian: Их Юань улс [2]) was the branch of Mongol Borjigin dynasty established by Kublai Khan. yuan definition at Chinese.Yabla.com, a free online dictionary with English, Mandarin Chinese, Pinyin, Strokes & Audio. The Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) saw the consolidation of poetry, painting, and calligraphy into a unified canon of classical Chinese art. The vast size of the empire resulted in more-extensive foreign trade and foreign intercourse than at any other time before the modern period. They imported horses, camels, rugs, medicines, and spices. The emergence of the Mongol dynasty dates to 1206, when Genghis Khan was able to unify under his leadership all Mongols in the vast steppe lands north of China. Kublai, then, embarked on a series of campaigns to bring China’s neighbours back to their former position of subservience to the emperor. License. This was especially so in regard to the west with contacts through Persia and, thanks to missionaries, ambassadors, and travellers like Marco Polo (1254-1324 CE), Europe. Look it up now! Thesaurus AntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Switch to new thesaurus. Cartwright, M. (2019, October 29). Please support Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation. Last modified October 29, 2019. The Song royals were taken prisoner to Kublai’s new capital at Beijing (Daidu). The famous Italian traveler, Marco Polo, visited China during the Yuan D… Kublai ensured that Mongols always gained an advantage in China by officially classing them as superior in rank to Chinese. Finally, on 19 March 1279 CE a great naval battle was won at Yaishan near modern-day Macao; the Mongol conquest of China was complete. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Notice that since Yuan Dynasty as part of Mongol Empire was also an ethnically and religiously diverse country, its clothing was of various kinds, as well. Ultimately, the empress dowager and her young son Emperor Gongzong (r. 1274-5 CE) surrendered along with their capital Lin’an on 28 March 1276 CE. Artisans and craftworkers were given a more elevated status than previously and given tax exemptions. Differences in treatment included northern Chinese being taxed by household while southern Chinese had to pay according to the area of land they owned. Various earlier traditions were continued, but there was also interest in producing new shapes, decoration, and glazes. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. Equipped with an army of over 1,000,000 men, a large naval fleet, and immense wealth, Song China would prove a stubborn opponent to the otherwise invincible Mongol military machine. Yuan definition, a copper coin of the Republic of China, equal to 100 cents; dollar. The Mongols' reign in China was finally ended due to a lethal cocktail of endless infighting amongst their leaders, inept and corrupt government which overspent and overtaxed, floods and famines. Stability and peace within China brought a certain economic prosperity for some as Kublai and his successors promoted international trade which saw the now-unified country open up to the wider world. Under Yuan rule the regional music drama that had gone two separate ways during the Song dynasty was intermixed as yuanqu, or “Yuan drama.” Popular song styles became freer than before, and several forms of dancing and acrobatics were added to popular entertainment. Together with the Tang poem and 'ci' poem in the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), this drama was one of the outstanding Chinese literary heritages. "Dà Yuán" (大元) is from the clause "大哉乾元" (pinyin: dà zāi Qián Yuán; lit. In addition to a renewed emphasis on traditional craft arts (silver, lacquer, and other materials), there were important developments in ceramics. The Yuan Dynasty, ruled by Kublai from 1279, was the first foreign-led dynasty in ancient China. Nevertheless, the Mongols as a group, by forging an empire from the Black Sea to the Korean peninsula (even if it was now split into large khanates ruled by Genghis Khan’s descendants) had managed to expose China to a wider world. The final consolidation came under Genghis’s grandson Kublai Khan (reigned 1260–94). It was used in the imperial court until the end of the Yuan Dynasty. During the Yuan, however, artists—especially those native Chinese who steadfastly refused to serve their conquerors—had to seek inspiration within themselves and their traditions. There was also the matter that Mongol rulers legitimised their position through conquest and the distribution of booty to their followers to ensure loyalty and continued service. Cartwright, Mark. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yuan-dynasty. Yuan was the first dynasty to make Beijing (called Dadu by the Yuan) its capital, moving it there from Karakorum (now in Mongolia) in 1267. Invented just outside the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, this script was used to create unification in the systems of writing for both the Chinese and the Mongolian languages. This rivalry sometimes broke out into violence with one emperor being assassinated and another thrown out following a coup. 1) The Yuan Empire was founded by an illiterate nomad named Genghis Khan. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Making himself emperor of China, Kublai gave himself the reign name Shizu and, in 1271 CE, his new dynasty the name ‘Yuan’, meaning either ‘origin’ or ‘centre, main pivot.’ The start date of the Yuan Dynasty is variously put at 1260 CE (Mongke’s campaign), 1271 CE (first official use of the ‘Yuan’ dynasty title), 1276 CE (death of the last Song emperor and fall of the Song capital) or 1279 CE (final extinguishing of Song resistance). Cartwright, Mark. 1. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven. The system had states pay symbolic and material tribute to China’s dominant position as the centre of the known world, the ‘Middle Kingdom.’ Not only was it a means to further legitimise his position as Chinese emperor but it could also bring in useful material goods and help expand international trade. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Kublai was succeeded by his grandson Temur Oljeitu as Khan and emperor of China (r. 1295-1308 CE) who, continuing with the same institutions and many of the same officials appointed by his father, enjoyed a peaceful and successful reign. Punishments were a particularly striking area of difference with, for example, a Mongol found guilty of murder only having to pay a fine while a southern Chinese convicted of mere theft was fined and then tattooed as a criminal. A new kind of literature form called Yuan drama was rather prosperous during that period. His special interests include pottery, architecture, world mythology and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common. [3] His descriptions are amongst our best sources for the Yuan Dynasty and the emperor, in particular. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Mongol police force, the tutqaul, was given the task of ensuring roads were kept free from bandits, and western Asians, particularly Muslims, were often given roles in the financial side of government such as finance ministers and tax inspectors. Those painters sought in their art a return to what they viewed as more ideal times, especially the Tang and Bei (Northern) Song periods. Examples of Yuan Dynasty in the following topics: Painting under the Yuan Dynasty. Meanwhile, Zhu declared himself the ruler of China in January 1368 CE. Further, despite the obvious discrimination, southerners kept their classical Chinese culture very much alive through private meetings and the arts, often producing paintings, poetry and plays which conveyed within them subtle protests against the Yuan regime. Please help us create teaching materials on Mesopotamia (including several complete lessons with worksheets, activities, answers, essay questions, and more), which will be free to download for teachers all over the world. Genghis began encroaching on the Jin dynasty in northern China in 1211 and finally took the Jin capital of Yanjing (or Daxing; present-day Beijing) in 1215. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The Mongol dynasty, which had been renamed the Yuan in 1271, proceeded to set up a Chinese-style administration that featured a centralized bureaucracy, political subdivisions, and a rationalized taxation system. Which proved to be an important factor in their downfall extent reached under Kublai Khanby Arienne King ( CC ). C. 1298 CE the northern Yuan dynasty was preceded by the Mongolian was! Did promote international trade, too subject to random and secret inspections by Mongol-trusted censors 's Republic of China January. 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