Self-care can be defined as the care of oneself without medical, professional, or other assistance or oversight. You may prefer just one of the theories that follow, or you may find that combining theories and perspectives provides a fuller picture of how we experience health and wellness. When health is a commodity, the poor are more likely to experience illness caused by poor diet, to live and work in unhealthy environments, and are less likely to challenge the system. Comments (0) Add to wishlist Delete from wishlist. Dr. Dombeck I am a graduate student at the University of South Florida and I have been surfing your site. The responsibility of the sick person is twofold: to try to get well and to seek technically competent help from a physician. 1963. The cognitive approach studies how our thought process shapes our behavior. Watch this video to review and see examples of how each of these key paradigms views medicine. You may prefer just one of the theories that follow, or you may find that combining theories and perspectives provides a fuller picture of how we experience health and wellness. However, this exemption is temporary and relative to the severity of the illness. Module Name: Theoretical Perspectives on Mental Health/Illness Module Code: NU1P01 ECTS: 5 No. Nr.47, 2008-2009). If the sick person stays ill longer than is appropriate (malingers), they may be stigmatized. To start with, she has not chosen to be sick and should not be treated as responsible for her condition. According to Parsons, the sick person has a specific role with both rights and responsibilities. Discrimination is often the result of stigma towards specific groups or medical conditions. During the latter half of the 20th century, however, people who drank too much were increasingly defined as alcoholics: people with a disease or a genetic predisposition to addiction who were not responsible for their drinking. The sick person is not responsible for his condition. Which theoretical perspective do you think best explains the sociology of health? (Photo courtesy of the Library of Congress/Wikimedia Commons), An example of medicalization is illustrated by the history of how our society views alcohol and alcoholism. The responsibility of the sick person is twofold: to try to get well and to seek technically competent help from a physician. Theorists using the conflict perspective suggest that issues with the healthcare system, as with most other social problems, are rooted in capitalist society. "Download for free at, If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must retain in every digital format page view (including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following attribution: 1951. The interactionist perspective is concerned with how social interactions construct ideas of health and illness. Retrieved from. According to conflict theorists, capitalism and the pursuit of profit lead to the commodification of health: the changing of something not generally thought of as a commodity into something that can be bought and sold in a marketplace. There are numerous examples of demedicalization in history as well. Also at issue for conflict theorists and their critics is the degree to which the hard-won medical expertise possessed by doctors and not patients might render a truly mutual understanding elusive. It is a micro-theoretical approach that focuses on understanding how meaning is generated through processes of social interaction. Summary … Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. To start with, they have not chosen to be sick and should not be treated as responsible for their condition. Patients must perform the “sick role” in order to be perceived as legitimately ill and to be exempt from their normal obligations. While the functionalist perspective looks at how health and illness fit into a fully functioning society, the conflict perspective is concerned with how health and illness fit into the oppositional forces in society. There are numerous examples of demedicalization in history as well. 1992. Health Promotion Perspectives is an international platinum (open access) journal that is peer-reviewed and multidisciplinary forum for publication of those research that aimed at understanding of the implications and approaches to health promotion and public health. Theoretical perspective Major assumptions; Functionalism: Good health and effective medical care are essential for the smooth functioning of society. Each of the three major theoretical perspectives approaches the topics of health, illness, and medicine differently. During the 19th century, people who drank too much were considered bad, lazy people. And what about people who are sick, but are unwilling to leave their positions for any number of reasons? A more recent example is homosexuality, which was labeled a mental disorder or a sexual orientation disturbance by the American Psychological Association until 1973. Each of the three major theoretical perspectives approaches the topics of health, illness, and medicine differently. Within the micro camp, two other perspectives exist: symbolic interactionism and utilitarianism (also called rational choice theory or exchange theory) (Collins, 1994). Sociological Perspective on Health This definition emphasizes the importance of being more than disease free, and recognizes that a healthy body depends upon a healthy environment and a stable mind. It has 3 key areas of work: Strengthening public health intelligence; This has since been reinterpreted, unsurprisingly, as a completely appropriate response to being enslaved. However, this exemption is temporary and relative to the severity of the illness. This book clearly situates health communication within its social context. Further adding to the issue, doctors hold a disproportionate amount of power in the doctor/patient relationship, which provides them with extensive social and economic benefits. According to the functionalist perspective, health is vital to the stability of the society, and therefore sickness is a sanctioned form of deviance. If the sick person stays ill longer than is appropriate (malingers), she may be stigmatized. The Critical Theoretical Perspectives and the Health Care System Daisy Michelle Princeton1 Abstract Background of the study: The goal of healthcare system is to achieve a well-organized, safe and holistic patient care. Did you have an idea for improving this content? They were called drunks, and it was not uncommon for them to be arrested or run out of a town. HIV continues to be an epidemic in parts of Africa, not necessarily because of stigma, but because of the lack of available treatment resources. During the Civil War era, slaves who frequently ran away from their owners were diagnosed with a mental disorder called drapetomania. … Medicalization and demedicalization affect who responds to the patient, how people respond to the patient, and how people view the personal responsibility of the patient (Conrad and Schneider 1992). The second clip shares the story of Joe and his experiences dealing with the stigma of being HIV positive. Each of the three major theoretical perspectives approaches the topics of health, illness, and medicine differently. They were called drunks, and it was not uncommon for them to be arrested or run out of a town. HIDE THIS PAPER GRAB THE BEST PAPER 92.5% of users find it useful. For many years, and only until very recently, homosexual couples had been denied spousal benefits, either in the form of health insurance or in terms of medical responsibility. The Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) promotes cooperation for public health on the island of Ireland. They discuss key theoretical underpinnings of postcolonial theory, citing differences and commonalities in postcolonial theory, postcolonial indigenous thinking, and other forms of critical theory. Read Text. Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness. While interactionism does acknowledge the subjective nature of diagnosis, it is important to remember who most benefits when a behavior becomes defined as illness or condition. Utilise critical appraisal skills in identifying and examining the key theoretical perspectives underpinning health promotion and how it is applied to contemporary health and social care issues. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE PRACTICE WITH ADULTS Name: Institutional Affiliation: Theoretical Perspectives in Health and Social Care Practice with Adults Introduction As individual ages, there is a need for caregivers to have a better understanding of the aging process in a bid to improve the quality of life for these people. The interactionist perspective was developed by American sociologist George Herbert Mead. According to Parsons, the sick person has a specific role with both rights and responsibilities. A health system and societal context perspective is helpful in order to understand the pharmacists’ roles in respect to antibiotic consumption and antibiotic resistance. You may prefer just one of the theories that follow, or you may find that combining theories and perspectives provides a fuller picture of how we experience health and wellness. This first video clip gives some examples of ways that those with HIV are discriminated against, even within the medical community. Within the academic discipline of sociology, two major theoretical perspectives exist which seek to analyse human societies utilising a social structural or systems approach. Parsons, Talcott. They therefore control the degree to which the individuals and groups without political and economic power will remain subordinate. According to theorists working in this perspective, health and illness are both socially constructed. The words “poverty,” “misery,” “crime,” and “death” hang in the air behind him. Theorists using the conflict perspective suggest that issues with the healthcare system, as with most other social problems, are rooted in capitalist society. The term medicalization of deviance refers to the process that changes “bad” behavior into “sick” behavior. During the latter half of the twentieth century, however, people who drank too much were increasingly defined as alcoholics: people with a disease or a genetic predisposition to addiction who were not responsible for their drinking. The sick person can take as long as she wants to get better. Medicalization and demedicalization affect who responds to the patient, how people respond to the patient, and how people view the personal responsibility of the patient (Conrad and Schneider 1992). Hiv.gov. Drunks were not treated in a sympathetic way because, at that time, it was thought that it was their own fault that they could not stop drinking. Thus, “badness” was transformed into “sickness.”. (May 2017). For questions regarding this license, please contact. A related process is demedicalization, in which “sick” behavior is normalized again. TheoreTical PersPecTives on Medicine and socieTy inTroducTion In this chapter, the major fields of scholarship and research in the humanities and social sciences that have examined the social role of scientific medicine in western societies are reviewed for the theoretical developments which have occurred since the mid-20th century. While interactionism does acknowledge the subjective nature of diagnosis, it is important to remember who most benefits when a behavior becomes defined as illness. Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory, is one of the most extensively used models in nursing. Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine. A more recent example is homosexuality, which was labeled a mental disorder or a sexual orientation disturbance by the American Psychological Association until 1973. Pharmaceutical companies make billions treating illnesses such as fatigue, insomnia, and hyperactivity that may not actually be illnesses in need of treatment, but opportunities for companies to make more money. I was curious to know what your theoretical perspective is based. And what about people who are sick, but are unwilling to leave their positions for any number of reasons (personal/social obligations, financial need, or lack of insurance, for instance). While this market solutions model has indeed provided many advances, a conflict theorist would likely respond that greater state-sponsored investment–with better public health outcomes as the goal–could also effect the same evolutions in treatment. Each of the three major theoretical perspectives approaches the topics of health, illness, and medicine differently. This what honestly sets a PMHNP (or nurses) apart from a social worker, physicians, and other disciplines. Theoretical Perspectives for Group Therapy. Sociological Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Illness - Term Paper Example. Modification, adaptation, and original content. Theoretical perspective Major assumptions; Functionalism: Good health and effective medical care are essential for the smooth functioning of society. Each of the three major theoretical perspectives approaches the topics of health, illness, and medicine differently. You may prefer just one of the theories that follow, or you may find that combining theories and perspectives provides a fuller and more accurate picture of how we experience and understand health and wellness. With alcoholism defined as a disease and not a personal choice, alcoholics came to be viewed with more compassion and understanding. During the Civil War era, slaves who frequently ran away from their owners were diagnosed with a mental disorder called drapetomania. Apply functionalist, conflict theorist, and symbolic interactionist perspectives to health issues, https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/federal-activities-agencies/activities-combating-hiv-stigma-and-discrimination, https://cnx.org/contents/AgQDEnLI@10.1:VJI0cK01@2/Theoretical-Perspectives-on-Health-and-Medicine, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6c8BCZd6GXU, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Tm0j07lJUw, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiU8nQ_-q9s. But is it appropriate to allow doctors so much power over deciding who is sick? If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: As we discussed in the beginning of the chapter, interactionists focus on the specific meanings and causes people attribute to illness. Orem’s Self-Care Model designates a structure in which the nurse supports the client to retain a sufficient level of self-care. Additionally, in their criticism of the power differential between doctor and patient, they are perhaps dismissive of the hard-won medical expertise possessed by doctors and not patients, which renders a truly egalitarian relationship more elusive. In the United States, a disproportionate number of racial minorities also have less economic power, so they bear a great deal of the burden of poor health. OpenStax College, Sociology 2e. We’d love your input. They therefore ensure that they will have health care coverage, while simultaneously ensuring that subordinate groups stay subordinate through lack of access. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary for various forms of social control to bring the behavior of a sick person back in line with normal expectations. Which of the following is not part of the rights and responsibilities of a sick person under the functionalist perspective? Summary … Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. 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