[57] He was welcomed by people as diverse as Claudel, Gide, and Mauriac, and also by the vast mass of untutored Frenchmen who saw him as their saviour. Pétain championed a rural, Catholic France that spurned internationalism. After the war, Pétain was tried and convicted for treason. The provisional government, headed by De Gaulle, placed Pétain on trial for treason, which took place from 23 July to 15 August 1945. On 5 December 1925, after the Locarno Treaty, the Conseil demanded immediate action on a line of fortifications along the eastern frontier to counter the already proposed decline in manpower. After lunch, Churchill’s telegram arrived agreeing to an armistice provided the French fleet was moved to British ports, a suggestion which was not acceptable to Darlan, who argued that it would leave France defenceless. Eight were initially undecided but swung towards an armistice. [35] Weygand said that he was in favor of saving the French army and that he "wished to avoid internal troubles and above all anarchy". He was also waiting for the new Renault FT tanks to be introduced in large numbers, hence his statement at the time: "I am waiting for the tanks and the Americans.". The French heavy machine gun was still the Hotchkiss M1914, a capable weapon but decidedly obsolete compared to the new automatic weapons of German infantry. The year 1918 saw major German offensives on the Western Front. His decision to organise truck transport over the "Voie Sacrée" to bring a continuous stream of artillery, ammunition and fresh troops into besieged Verdun also played a key role in grinding down the German onslaught to a final halt in July 1916. These two men travelled to Warsaw for the funeral of the Polish Marshal Piłsudski in May 1935 (and another cordial meeting with Göring). The General Staff, now under General Edmond Buat, began to think seriously about a line of forts along the frontier with Germany, and their report was tabled on 22 May 1922. La mémoire fait-elle bon ménage avec l’histoire ? But Pétain was only one of many military and other men on a very large committee responsible for national defence, and interwar governments frequently cut military budgets. When Renthe-Fink entered the Marshal's office at the Hôtel du Parc with General von Neubronn "at 7:30 p.m.", the Head of State was supervising the packing up of his suitcases and papers. Philippe Pétain, "La securité de la France aux cours des années creuses", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Provisional Government of the French Republic, 1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France), 1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France), "Birth certificate of Pétain, Henri Philippe Benoni Omer", « Cachet de la sous-préfecture de Dinan, 6 décembre 1943, État français (Régime de Vichy) », Un homme d’influence à Vichy : Henry du Moulin de Labarthète, Pétain et la fin de la collaboration: Sigmaringen, 1944–1945, "Armée active: nominations et promotions", "Armée active: promotions et nominations", "Le president de la Republique Francaise", "Tableaux de concours pour la Legion d'Honneur 1901", "Marshal Pétain and French nationalism: The interwar years and Vichy", Adolf Hitler's Letter to Marshal Petain Announcing Complete German Occupation of France, Adolf Hitler's Letter to Marshal Petain Announcing Decision to Occupy Toulon, Article on Philippe Pétain by the Académie française, Newspaper clippings about Philippe Pétain, Vice President of the Superior War Council, Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Duke of Villars, Honoré Armand de Villars, Duke of Villars, Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation, Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation, Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France, Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1932), Fédération d'action nationale et européenne, Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Pétain&oldid=1000718575, École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni, Expelled members of the Académie Française, Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States), Heads of government convicted of war crimes, Heads of government who were later imprisoned, Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, Knights Grand Commander (Senangapati) of the Order of Rama, People convicted of treason against France, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Order of Karađorđe's Star, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from July 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Articles needing additional references from July 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Léonore identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. It is argued[who?] Faced with the Marshal's continued refusal, the Germans threatened to bring in the Wehrmacht to bomb Vichy. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the spa town of Vichy in central France. [21] Pétain had based his strong support for the Maginot Line on his own experience of the role played by the forts during the Battle of Verdun in 1916. Although holding the position until 17 April 1942, the executive power was exercised by the Deputy Prime Ministers from 11 July 1940. Only 20 infantry divisions would be maintained on a standing basis". His journey from military obscurity, to hero of France during World War I, to collaborationist dictator during World War II, led his successor Charles de Gaulle to write that Pétain’s life was "successively banal, then glorious, then deplorable, but never mediocre". [45] At midnight on 15 June 1940, Baudouin asked the Spanish Ambassador to submit to Germany a request to cease hostilities at once and for Germany to make known its peace terms. This article appeared just five days before Adolf Hitler's announcement of Germany's new air force and a week before the announcement that Germany was increasing its army to 36 divisions. [15], Shortly after the war, Pétain had placed before the government plans for a large tank and air force, but "at the meeting of the Conseil supérieur de la Défense Nationale of 12 March 1920, the Finance Minister, François-Marsal, announced that although Pétain's proposals were excellent they were unaffordable". Gilbert and Bernard find multiple causes: The immediate cause was the extreme optimism and subsequent disappointment at the Nivelle offensive in the spring of 1917. [30] Fascistic and revolutionary conservative factions within the new government used the opportunity to launch an ambitious programme known as the "National Revolution", which rejected much of the former Third Republic's secular and liberal traditions in favour of an authoritarian, paternalist, Catholic society. He, Baudouin, and several members of the government were already set on an armistice. [40] Pétain was sent to speak to Weygand (who was waiting outside, as he was not a member of the cabinet) for around fifteen minutes. Pétain's career progressed slowly, as he rejected the French Army philosophy of the furious infantry assault, arguing instead that "firepower kills". Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. Although Pétain did say "On les aura!" President Lebrun invited 71-year-old Doumergue to come out of retirement and form a new "government of national unity". [41] Weygand persuaded him that Reynaud's suggestion would be a shameful surrender. Maurois made a point of acknowledging with thanks his debt to Pétain in his 1941 autobiography, Call no man happy – though by the time of writing their paths had sharply diverged, Pétain having become Head of State of Vichy France while Maurois went into exile and sided with the Free French. [10] At the Conference, Ferdinand Foch was appointed as Allied Generalissimo, initially with powers to co-ordinate and deploy Allied reserves where he saw fit. Pétain came first, with 47,000, ahead of Pierre Laval's 31,000 votes. Pétain refused and asked for a written formulation of this request. His regime soon took on clear authoritarian—and in some cases, fascist—characteristics. De Gaulle az átmeneti háborús fővárosba, Bordeaux-ba visszatérve megtudta, hogy Pétain marsall miniszterelnök lett, és azt tervezte, hogy a náci Németországgal fegyverszünetet köt. [23] His first report on air defence, submitted in July that year, advocated increased expenditure. Pétain noted his recent promotion to general, adding that he did not congratulate him, as ranks were of no use in defeat. His decision to organise truck transport over the "Voie Sacrée" to bring a continuous stream of artillery, ammunition and fresh troops into besieged Verdun also played a key role in grinding down the German onslaught to a final halt in July 1916. It was Petain who saved France then by putting down the mutinies. On 10 June, the government left Paris for Tours. During World War I, Pétain led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long Battle of Verdun. Making Paris into a ruin would not affect the final event. [34], By 26 May, the Allied lines had been shattered, and British forces had begun evacuating at Dunkirk. [27], In November the Doumergue government fell. As a retired military commander, he ran the country on military lines. Other causes were pacificism, stimulated by the Russian Revolution and the trade-union movement, and disappointment at the nonarrival of American troops. [41], On Sunday, 16 June, President Roosevelt's reply to President Lebrun's requests for assistance came with only vague promises and saying that it was impossible for the President to do anything without Congressional approval. In addition, François-Marsal announced reductions – in the army from fifty-five divisions to thirty, in the air force, and did not mention tanks. Politiquement, de Gaulle avait donc tout intérêt à préserver autant que possible l'honneur de Pétain, ce qui, bien évidement n'enlève rien aux mérites ni de l'un ni de l'autre ni ne diminue aucunement l'ignominie du régime de Vichy. Eight were initially undecided but swung towards an armistice. On the 20th, a delegation from the two chambers came to Pétain to protest at the proposed departure of President Lebrun. Pétain restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest for exhausted units, home furloughs, and moderate discipline. At this moment an article appeared in the popular Le Petit Journal newspaper, calling for Pétain as a candidate for a dictatorship. Later in the year, Pétain was stripped of his right of direct appeal to the French government and requested to report to Foch, who increasingly assumed the co-ordination and ultimately the command of the Allied offensives. In 1938 Pétain encouraged and assisted the writer André Maurois in gaining election to the Académie française – an election which was highly contested, in part due to Maurois' Jewish origin. [32] Pétain was now in his 80th year. [48] Nearly all French historians, as well as all postwar French governments, consider this vote to be illegal; not only were several deputies and senators not present, but the constitution explicitly stated that the republican form of government could not be changed, though it could be argued that a republican dictatorship was installed. Reynaud and five ministers thought these proposals acceptable. On 3 March 1949, a meeting of the Council of Ministers (many of them "self-proclaimed heroes of the Resistance" in the words of biographer Charles Williams) had a fierce argument about a medical report recommending that he be moved to Val-de-Grâce (a military hospital in Paris), a measure to which Prime Minister Henri Queuille had previously been sympathetic. Mount Pétain, nearby Pétain Creek, and Pétain Falls, forming the Pétain Basin on the Continental Divide in the Canadian Rockies, were named after him in 1919;[71] summits with the names of other French generals are nearby: Foch, Cordonnier, Mangin, Castelnau and Joffre. He held 3400 courts martial; 554 mutineers were sentenced to death but over 90% had their sentences commuted. Because of his high prestige as a soldier's soldier, Pétain served briefly as Army Chief of Staff (from the end of April 1917). In January 1926, the Chief of Staff, General Debeney, proposed to the Conseil a "totally new kind of army. A Certain idea of France The life of Charles de Gaulle, Julian Jackson, p. 58. Captain Charles de Gaulle continued to be a protégé of Pétain throughout these years. During World War I, Pétain led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long Battle of Verdun. He criticised the reservist system in France, and her lack of adequate air power and armour. Contrary to President Albert Lebrun's later recollection, no formal vote appears to have been taken at Cabinet on 16 June. The War Ministry was hamstrung between the wars and proved unequal to the tasks before them. The written text is submitted to Pétain: "The Reich Government instructs the transfer of the Head of State, even against his will". On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Pétain, of course, disapproved of the whole thing, pointing out that North Africa still had to be defended and in itself required a substantial standing army. The cuts in military expenditure meant that taking the offensive was now impossible and a defensive strategy was all they could have. On 18 June, Édouard Herriot (who would later be a prosecution witness at Pétain's trial) and Jeanneney, the presidents of the two Chambers of Parliament, as well as Lebrun said they wanted to go. Churchill then said the French should defend Paris and reminded Pétain of how he had come to the aid of the British with forty divisions in March 1918, and repeating Clemenceau's words. The provisional government, headed by de Gaulle, placed Pétain on trial for treason, which took place from 23 July to 15 August 1945. Women were said to find his piercing blue eyes especially attractive. On 11 June, Churchill flew to the Château du Muguet, at Briare, near Orléans, where he put forward first his idea of a Breton redoubt, to which Weygand replied that it was just a "fantasy". In January 1926, the Chief of Staff, General Debeney, proposed to the Conseil a "totally new kind of army. No reply ever came. [37] Churchill then said the French should consider "guerrilla warfare". [dubious – discuss] See Julian Jackson De Gaulle, 2018 p58 Belknap edition Free French naval officer. The Conseil had no option in the straitened circumstances but to agree. During the interwar period he was head of the peacetime French Army, commanded joint Franco-Spanish operations during the Rif War and served twice as a government minister. The Congress voted 569–80 (with 18 abstentions) to grant the Cabinet the authority to draw up a new constitution, effectively "voting the Third Republic out of existence". Neither Pétain nor his successive deputies, Laval, Pierre-Étienne Flandin, or Admiral François Darlan, gave significant resistance to requests by the Germans to indirectly aid the Axis Powers. that he was commanding armies in battle, or that naked women were dancing around his room. The third offensive, "Blücher", in May 1918, saw major German advances on the Aisne, as the French Army commander (Humbert) ignored Pétain's instructions to defend in depth and instead allowed his men to be hit by the initial massive German bombardment. Bentley B. Gilbert and Paul P. Bernard, "The French Army Mutinies of 1917". [42] The outcome of the meeting is uncertain. De Gaulle, who was President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic at the end of the war, commuted the sentence to life imprisonment due to Pétain's age and his military contributions in World War I. [51] He issued new constitutional acts which abolished the presidency, indefinitely adjourned parliament, and also gave him full power to appoint and fire ministers and civil service members, pass laws through the Council of Ministers and designate a successor (he chose Laval). [69], In February 1973, Pétain's coffin housing his remains was stolen from the Île d'Yeu cemetery by extremists, who demanded that President Georges Pompidou consent to its re-interment at Douaumont cemetery among the war dead of the Verdun battle. He and Pétain regarded the military situation as hopeless. In collaboration with Nazi Germany, he then served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. In August 1944, Pétain made an attempt to distance himself from the crimes of the militia by writing Darnand a letter of reprimand for the organisation's "excesses". In addition, with the restrictions imposed on Germany by the Versailles Treaty there seemed no urgency for vast expenditure until the advent of Hitler. His father, Omer-Venant, was a farmer. 1 Answer. During the battle, he was promoted to Commander of Army Group Centre, which contained a total of 52 divisions. He held 3400 courts martial; 554 mutineers were sentenced to death but over 90% had their sentences commuted. Reserves could be called up when needed. or "firepower kills! [34], By 26 May, the Allied lines had been shattered, and British forces had begun evacuating at Dunkirk. Pétain's career progressed slowly, as he rejected the French Army philosophy of the furious infantry assault, arguing instead that "firepower kills". One of his advisors commented that he had more power than any French leader since Louis XIV. The French heavy machine gun was still the Hotchkiss M1914, a capable weapon but decidedly obsolete compared to the new automatic weapons of German infantry. At the end of Pétain's trial, he was convicted on all charges. On 26 April 1936, the general election results showed 5.5 million votes for the Popular Front parties against 4.5 million for the Right on an 84% turnout. De Gaulle was named after his family ancestor Jean-Baptiste de Gaulle not as often claimed Philippe Pétain, of whom his father was a great admirer. He was originally sentenced to death, but due to his age and World War I service his sentence was commuted to life in prison. On 17 August 1944, the Germans, in the person of Cecil von Renthe-Fink, "special diplomatic delegate of the Führer to the French Head of State", asked Pétain to allow himself to be transferred to the northern zone. Chautemps then proposed a fudge proposal, an inquiry about terms. [4] By January 1949, his lucid intervals were becoming fewer and fewer. Dressed in the uniform of a Marshal of France, Pétain remained silent through most of the proceedings after an initial statement that denied the right of the High Court, as constituted, to try him. After Germany and Italy occupied and disarmed France in November 1942, Pétain became a puppet of the German military administration. By the time of the last German offensives, Gneisenau and the Second Battle of the Marne, Pétain was able to defend in depth and launch counter offensives, with the new French tanks and the assistance of the Americans. However, when Hitler met Pétain at Montoire in October 1940 to discuss the French government's role in the new European Order, the Marshal "listened to Hitler in silence. [57] "the need to stay in France, to prepare a national revival, and to share the sufferings of our people. Two days later he crossed the French frontier.[60]. It was left to the Marshals, Pétain, Joffre, and Foch, to pick up the pieces of their strategies. On 26 October 1931, Pétain was honored with a ticker-tape parade down Manhattan's Canyon of Heroes. On June 16, Pétain was appointed prime minister. Pétain then replied that it would mean the destruction of the country. While the military establishment were putting all their bets on the defensive Maginot Line, de Gaulle insisted on a war of movement. Pétain, however, having been forced to leave France, refused to participate in this government and Fernand de Brinon now headed the "government commission". At the very end of 1916, Nivelle was promoted over Pétain to replace Joseph Joffre as French Commander-in-Chief. French aviation entered the War in 1939 without even the prototype of a bomber aeroplane capable of reaching Berlin and coming back. [69], In February 1973, Pétain's coffin housing his remains was stolen from the Île d'Yeu cemetery by extremists, who demanded that President Georges Pompidou consent to its re-interment at Douaumont cemetery among the war dead of the Verdun battle. [57] He was also beginning to suffer from heart problems and was no longer able to walk without assistance. Pétain and Minister of Information Prouvost urged the cabinet to hear Weygand out because "he was the only one really to know what was happening". Pétain accompanied President Lebrun to Belgrade for the funeral of King Alexander, who had been assassinated on 6 October 1934 in Marseille by Vlado Chernozemski, a Macedonian nationalist of Bulgarian origin. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General de Gaulle, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. "[note 2], Pétain was reactionary by temperament and education, and quickly began blaming the Third Republic and its endemic corruption for the French defeat. A new commission for this purpose was established, under Joseph Joffre, and called for reports. French aviation entered the War in 1939 without even the prototype of a bomber aeroplane capable of reaching Berlin and coming back. [57] Fearing riots at the announcement of the sentence, de Gaulle ordered that Pétain be immediately transported on the former's private aircraft to Fort du Portalet in the Pyrenees,[62] where he remained from 15 August to 16 November 1945. [28] Calls were made to re-locate his remains to the grave prepared for him at Verdun. Though Pétain publicly stated that he had no desire to become "a Caesar,"[52] by January 1941, Pétain held virtually all governing power in France; nearly all legislative, executive, and judicial powers were either ‘’de jure’’ or ‘’de facto’’ in his hands. 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